四级英语阅读理解真题（精选10套）

四级英语阅读理解真题（精选10套）

大学英语四级考试，考试的主要对象是根据教育大纲修完大学英语四级的在校专科生、本科生或研究生。以下是小编精心整理的四级英语阅读理解真题，希望能够帮助到大家。

2018年12月英语四级选词填空题目：

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.

Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.

Millions die early from air pollution each year. Air pollution costs the global economy more than $5 trillion annually in welfare costs, with the most serious 26 occurring in the developing world.

The figures include a number of costs 27 with air pollution. Lost income alone amounts to $225 billion a year.

The report includes both indoor and outdoor air pollution. Indoor pollution, which includes

28 like home heating and cooking, has remained 29 over the past several decades despite advances in the area. Levels of outdoor pollution have grown rapidly along with rapid growth in industry and transportation.

Director of Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation Chris Murray 30 it as an “urgent call to action.”“One of the risk factors for premature deaths is the air we breathe, over which individuals have little 31 ,”he said.

The effects of air pollution are worst in the developing world, where in some places lost-labor income 32 nearly 1% of GDP. Around 9 in 10 people in low-and middle-income countries live in places where they 33 experience dangerous levels of outdoor air pollution.

But the problem is not limited 34 to the developing world. Thousands die prematurely in the U.S. as a result of related illnesses. In many European countries, where diesel(柴油) 35 have become more common in recent years, that number reaches tens of thousands.

A)ability I)exclusively

B)associated J)innovated

C)consciously K)regularly

D)constant L)relates

E)control M)sources

F)damage N)undermine

G)described O)vehicles

H)equals

2018年12月英语四级选词填空答案：

26. F damage (损害)

27. B associated (与……有联系)

28. M sources (来源)

29. D constant (不断的， 常存在的)

30. G described (描述)

31. E control (控制)

32. H equals (等同于)

33. K regularly (经常地)

34. I exclusively (仅仅，唯一地)

35. O vehicles (车辆)

2018年12月大学英语四级长篇阅读真题

Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.

Food-as-Medicine Movement Is Witnessing Progress

[A] Several times a month, you can find a doctor in the aisles of Ralph’s market in Huntington Beach, California, wearing a white coat and helping people learn about food. On one recent day, this doctor was Daniel Nadeau, wandering the cereal aisle with Allison Scott, giving her some idea on how to feed kids who persistently avoid anything that is healthy. “Have you thought about trying fresh juices in the morning?” he asks her. “The frozen oranges and apples are a little cheaper, and fruits are really good for the brain. Juices are quick and easy to prepare, you can take the frozen fruit out the night before and have it ready the next morning.”

[B] Scott is delighted to get food advice from a physician who is program director of the nearby Mary and Dick Allen Diabetes Center, part of the St. Joseph Hoag Health alliance. The center’s ‘Shop with Your Doc’ program sends doctors to the grocery store to meet with any patients who sign up for the service, plus any other shoppers who happen to be around with questions.

[C] Nadeau notices the pre-made macaroni (通心粉)-and-cheese boxes in Scott’s shopping cart and suggests she switch to whole grain macaroni and real cheese. “So I’d have to make it?”she asks, her enthusiasm fading at the thought of how long that might take, just to have her kids reject it. “I’m not sure they’d eat it. They just won’t eat it.”

[D] Nadeau says sugar and processed foods are big contributors to the rising diabetes rates among children. “In America, over 50 percent of our food is processed food,” Nadeau tells her. “And only 5 percent of our food is plant-based food. I think we should try to reverse that.” Scott agrees to try more fruit juices for the kids and to make real macaroni and cheese. Score one point for the doctor, zero for diabetes.

[E] Nadeau is part of a small revolution developing across California. The food-as-medicine movement has been around for decades, but it’s making progress as physicians and medical institutions make food a formal part of treatment, rather than relying solely on medications (药物). By prescribing nutritional changes or launching programs such as ‘Shop with your Doc’, they are trying to prevent, limit or even reverse disease by changing what patients eat. “There’s no question people can take things a long way toward reversing diabetes, reversing high blood pressure, even preventing cancer by food choices,” Nadeau says.

[F] In the big picture, says Dr. Richard Afable, CEO and president of ST. Joseph Hoag Health, medical institutions across the state are starting to make a philosophical switch to becoming a health organization, not just a health care organization. That feeling echoes the beliefs of the Therapeutic Food Pantry program at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, which completed its pilot phase and is about to expand on an ongoing basis to five clinic sites throughout the city. The program will offer patients several bags of food prescribed for their condition, along with intensive training in how to cook it. “We really want to link food and medicine, and not just give away food,” says Dr. Rita Nguyen, the hospital’s medical director of Healthy Food Initiatives. “We want people to understand what they’re eating, how to prepare it, the role food plays in their lives.”

[G] In Southern California, Loma Linda University School of Medicine is offering specialized training for its resident physicians in Lifestyle Medicine — that is a formal specialty in using food to treat disease. Research findings increasingly show the power of food to treat or reverse diseases, but that does not mean that diet alone is always the solution, or that every illness can benefit substantially from dietary changes. Nonetheless, physicians say that they look at the collective data and a clear picture emerges: that the salt, sugar, fat and processed foods in the American diet contribute to the nation’s high rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. According to the World Health Organization, 80 percent of deaths from heart disease and stroke are caused by high blood pressure, tobacco use, elevated cholesterol and low consumption of fruits and vegetables.

[H] “It’s a different paradigm(范式) of how to treat disease,” says Dr. Brenda Rea, who helps run the family and preventive medicine residency program at Loma Linda University School of Medicine. The lifestyle medicine specialty is designed to train doctors in how to prevent and treat disease, in part, by changing patients’ nutritional habits. The medical center and school at Loma Linda also has a food cupboard and kitchen for patients. This way, patients not only learn about which foods to buy, but also how to prepare them at home.

[I] Many people don’t know how to cook, Rea says, and they only know how to heat things up. That means depending on packaged food with high salt and sugar content. So teaching people about which foods are healthy and how to prepare them, she says, can actually transform a patient’s life. And beyond that, it might transform the health and lives of that patient’s family. “What people eat can be medicine or poison,” Rea says. “As a physician, nutrition is one of the most powerful things you can change to reverse the effects of long-term disease.”

[J] Studies have explored evidence that dietary changes can slow inflammation(炎症), for example, or make the body inhospitable to cancer cells. In general, many lifestyle medicine physicians recommend a plant-based diet — particularly for people with diabetes or other inflammatory conditions.

[K] “As what happened with tobacco, this will require a cultural shift, but that can happen,” says Nguyen. “In the same way physicians used to smoke, and then stopped smoking and were able to talk to patients about it, I think physicians can have a bigger voice in it.”

36. More than half of the food Americans eat is factory-produced.

37. There is a special program that assigns doctors to give advice to shoppers in food stores.

38. There is growing evidence from research that food helps patients recover from various illnesses.

39. A healthy breakfast can be prepared quickly and easily.

40. Training a patient to prepare healthy food can change their life.

41. One food-as-medicine program not only prescribes food for treatment but teaches patients how to cook it.

42. Scott is not keen on cooking food herself, thinking it would simply be a waste of time.

43. Diabetes patients are advised to eat more plant-based food.

44. Using food as medicine is no novel idea, but the movement is making headway these days.

45. Americans’ high rates of various illnesses result from the way they eat.

2018年12月大学英语四级长篇阅读真题参考答案：

D 36. More than half the food Americans eat is factory-produced.

B 37. There is a special program that assigns doctors to give advice to shoppers in food stores.

G 38. There is growing evidence from research that food helps patients recover from various illnesses.

A 39. A healthy breakfast can be prepared quickly and easily.

I 40. Training a patient to prepare healthy food can change their life.

F 41. One food-as-medicine program not only prescribes food for treatment but teachers patients how to cook it.

C 42. Scott is not keen on cooking food herself, thinking it would simply be a waste of time.

J 43. Diabetes patients are advised to eat more plant-based food.

E 44. Using food as medicine is no novel idea, but the movement is making headway these days.

G 45. Americans’ high rates of various illnesses result from the way they eat.

2018年12月大学英语四级长篇阅读真题答案解析：

36. 答案：D

解析：D段中In America, over 50 percent of our food is processed food与该题干More than half the food Americans eat is factory-produced.属于同义替换。

37. 答案：B

解析：B段中的 The center’s ‘Shop with Your Doc’ program sends doctors to the grocery store to meet with any patients与该题干There is a special program that assigns doctors to give advice to shoppers in food stores.属于同义替换。

38. 答案：G

解析：G段中Research findings increasingly show the power of food to treat or reverse diseases与该题干There is growing evidence from research that food helps patients recover from various illnesses.属于同义替换。

39. 答案：A

解析：A段中Juices are quick and easy to prepare, you can take the frozen fruit out the night before and have it ready the next morning.与该题干 A healthy breakfast can be prepared quickly and easily.属于同义替换。

40. 答案：I

解析：I 段中 So teaching people about which foods are healthy and how to prepare them, she says, can actually transform a patient’s life. 与该题干Training a patient to prepare healthy food can change their life.属于同义替换。

41. 答案：F

解析：F段中 The program will offer patients several bags of food prescribed for their condition, along with intensive training in how to cook it. 与该题干One food-as-medicine program not only prescribes food for treatment but teaches patients how to cook it.属于同义替换。

42. 答案：C

解析：C段中“So I’d have to make it?”she asks, her enthusiasm fading at the thought of how long that might take, just to have her kids reject it. “I’m not sure they’d eat it. They just won’t eat it.”与该题干Scott is not keen on cooking food herself, thinking it would simply be a waste of time.属于同义替换。

43. 答案：J

解析：J段中的In general, many lifestyle medicine physicians recommend a plant-based diet — particularly for people with diabetes or other inflammatory conditions.与该题干Diabetes patients are advised to eat more plant-based food.属于同义替换。

44. 答案：E

解析：E段中的 The food-as-medicine movement has been around for decades, but it’s making progress as physicians and medical institutions make food a formal part of treatment, rather than relying solely on medications (药物). 与该题干Using food as medicine is no novel idea, but the movement is making headway these days.属于同义替换。

45. 答案：G

解析：G段中的.the salt, sugar, fat and processed foods in the American diet contribute to the nation’s high rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. 与该题干Americans’ high rates of various illnesses result from the way they eat.属于同义替换。

2019年12月英语四级阅读真题及答案

Professor Ashok Goel of Georgia Tech developed an artificially intelligent teaching assistant to help handle the enormous number of student questions in the online class, Knowledge-Based Artificial Intelligence. This online course is a core requirement of Georgia Techs online Master of Science in Computer Science program. Professor Goel already had eight teaching assistants, but that wasnt enough to deal with the overwhelming number of daily questions from students.

Many students drop out of online courses because of the lack of teaching support. When students feel isolated or confused and reach out with questions that go unanswered, their motivation to continue begins to fade. Professor Goel decided to do something to remedy this situation and his solution was to create a virtual assistant named Jill Watson, which is based on the IBM Watson platform.

Goel and his team developed several versions of Jill Watson before releasing her to the online forums. At first, the virtual assistant wasnt too great. But Goel and his team sourced the online discussion forum to find all the 40,000 questions that had ever been asked since the class was launched. Then they began to feed Jill with the questions and answers. After some adjustments and sufficient time, Jill was able to answer the students questions correctly 97% of the time. The virtual assistant became so advanced and realistic that the students didnt know she was a computer. The students, who were studying artificial intelligence, were interacting with the virtual assistant and couldnt tell it apart from a real human being. Goel didnt inform them about Jills true identity until April 26. The students were actually very positive about the experience.

The goal of Professor Goels virtual assistant next year is to take over answering 40% of all the questions posed by students on the online forum. The name Jill Watson will, of course, change to something else next semester. Professor Goel has a much rosier outlook on the future of artificial intelligence than, say, Elon Musk, Stephen Hawking, Bill Gates or Steve Wozniak.

Reading Questions：

46. What do we learn about Knowledge-Based Artificial Intelligence?

A) It is a robot that can answer students questions.

B) It is a course designed for students to learn online.

C) It is a high-tech device that revolutionizes teaching.

D) It is a computer program that aids student learning.

47. What problem did Professor Goel meet with?

A) His students were unsatisfied with the assistants.

B) His course was too difficult for the students.

C) Students questions were too many to handle.

D) Too many students dropped out of his course.

48. What do we learn about Jill Watson?

A) She turned out to be a great success.

B) She got along pretty well with students.

C) She was unwelcome to students at first.

D) She was released online as an experiment.

49. How did the students feel about Jill Watson?

A) They thought she was a bit too artificial.

B) They found her not as capable as expected.

C) They could not but admire her knowledge.

D) They could not tell her from a real person.

50. What does Professor Goel plan to do next with Jill Watson?

A) Launch different versions of her online.

B) Feed her with new questions and answers.

C) Assign her to answer more of students questions.

D) Encourage students to interact with her more freely.

答案

46.B 47.C 48.A 49.D 50.C

2019年12月英语四级阅读真题及答案 第3套

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.

The fifth largest city in US passed a significant soda tax proposal that will levy (征税)1.5 cents per liquid ounce on distributors.

Philadelphils new measure was approved by a 13 to 4 city council vote. It sets a new bar for similar initiatives across the country. It is proof that taxes on sugary drinks can win substantial support outside super-liberal areas. Until now, the only city to successfully pass and implement a soda tax was Berkeley, California, in 2014.

The tax will apply to regular and diet sodas, as well as other drinks with adder sugar, such as Gatorade and iced teas. Its expected to raise $410 million over the next five years, most of which will go toward funding a universal pre-kindergarten program for the city.

While the city council vote was met with applause inside the council room, opponents to the measure, including soda lobbyists, made sharp criticisms and a promise to challenge the tax in court.

"The tax passed today unfairly singles out beverages — including low —and no-calorie choices," said Lauren Kane, spokeswoman for the American Beverage Association. "But most importantly, it is against the law. So we will side with the majority of the people of Philadelphia who oppose this tax and take legal action to stop it."

An industry-backed anti-tax campaign has spent at least $4 million on advertisements. The ads criticized the measure, characterizing it as a "grocery tax".

Public health groups applauded the approved tax as step toward fixing certain lasting health issues that plague Americans. "The move to recapture a small part of the profits from an industry that pushed a product that contributes to diabetes, obesity and heart disease in poorer communities in order to reinvest in those communities will sure be inspirational to many other places," said Jim Krieger, executive director of Healthy Food America. "indeed, we are already hearing from some of them. Its not just Berkeley anymore."

Similar measures in Californias Albany, Oakland, San Francisco and Colorados Boulder are becoming hot-button issues. Health advocacy groups have hinted that even more might be coming.

Reading Questions：

46. What does the passage say about the newly-approved soda tax in Philadelphia?

A) It will change the lifestyle of many consumers.

B) It may encourage other US cities to fllow suit.

C) It will cut soda consumption among low-income communities.

D) It may influence the marketing strategies of the soda business.

47. What will the opponents probably do to respond to the soda tax proposal?

A) Bargain with the city council.

B) Refuse to pay additional tax.

C) Take legal action against it.

D) Try to win public support.

48. What did the industry-backed anti-tax campaign do about the soda tax proposal?

A) It tried to arouse hostile felings among consumers.

B) It tried to win grocers support against the measure.

C) It kept sending ltters of protest to the media.

D) It criticized the measure through advertising.

49. What did public health groups think the soda tax would do?

A) Alert people to the risk of sugar-induced diseases.

B) Help people to fix certain long-time health issues.

C) Add to the fund for their rescarch on discases.

D) Benefit low-income people across the country.

50. What do we lear about similar measures concening the soda tax in some other citics?

A) They are becoming rather sensitive issues.

B) They are spreading panic in the soda industry.

C) They are reducing the incidence of sugar-induced diseases.

D) They are taking away a lot of proft from the soda industry.

答案

46.B 47.C 48.D 49.B 50.A

2022年12月四级长篇阅读真题（第1套）

A)

Not doing something will always be faster than doing it. This philosophy applies in many areas of life. For example, there is no meeting that goes faster than not having a meeting at all. This is not to say you should never attend another meeting, but the truth is that we say “yes” to too many things we dont actually want to do.

B)

How often do people ask you to do something and you just reply, “Sure.” Three days later, youre overwhelmed by how much is on your to-do list. We become frustrated by our obligations even though we were the ones who said “yes” to them in the first place. Even worse, people will occasionally fight to do things that waste time. You don’t have to do something just because it exists. Its worth asking if things are necessary. Many of them are not, and a simple “no” will be more productive than whatever work the most efficient person can cope with. But if the benefits of saying “no” are so obvious, then why do we say “yes” so often?

C)

We say “yes” to many requests not because we want to do them, but because we dont want to be seen as rude or unhelpful. Often, you have to consider saying “no” to someone we will interact with again in the future — our co-worker, our spouse, our family and friends. Saying “no” to superiors at work can be particularly difficult. In these situations, I like the approach recommended in Essentialism by Greg MeKeown. He writes, “Remind your superiors what you would be neglecting if you said yes and force them to deal with the trade-off. For example, if your manager comes to you and asks you to do X, you can respond with ‘Yes, Im happy to make this the priority. Which of these other projects should I deprioritize to pay attention to this new project?

D)

Collaborating with others is an important element of life. The thought of straining the relationship outweighs the commitment of our time and energy. For this reason, it can be helpful to be gracious in your response. Do whatever favors you can, and be warm-hearted and direct when you have to say no. But even after we have accounted for these social considerations, many of us still seem to do a poor job of managing the tradeoff between yes and no. We find ourselves over-committed to things that dont meaningfully improve or support those around us, and certainly dont improve our own lives.

E)

Perhaps one issue is how we think about the meaning of yes and no. The words “yes” and “no” get used in comparison to each other so often that it feels like they carry equal weight in conversation. In reality, they are not just opposite in meaning, but of entirely different magnitudes in commitment. When you say “no”, you are only saying “no” to one option. When you say “yes”, you are saying “no” to every other option. I like how the economist Tim Harford put it, “Every time we say ‘yes’ to a request, we are also saying ‘no’ to anything else we might accomplish with the time.” Once you’re committed to something, you have already decided how that future block of time will be spent. In other words, saying “no” saves you time in the future. Saying “yes” costs you time in the future. “No” is a form of time credit. You retain the ability to spend your future time however you want. “Yes” is a form of time debt. You have to pay back your commitment at some point.

F)

“No” is a decision. “Yes” is a responsibility. Saying “no” is sometimes seen as a luxury that only those in power can afford. And it is true: turning down opportunities is easier when you can fall back on the safety net provided by power, money, and authority. But it is also true that saying “no” is not merely a privilege reserved for the successful among us. It is also a strategy that can help you become successful. Saying “no” is an important skill to develop at any stage of your career because it retains the most important asset in life: your time. As the investor Pedro Sorrentino put it, “If you don’t guard your time, people will steal it from you.” You need to say “no” to whatever isnt leading you toward your goals.

G)

Nobody embodied this idea better than Steve Jobs, who said, “People think focus means saying ‘yes’ to the thing you’ve got to focus on. But that’s not what it means at all. It means saying ‘no’ to the hundred other good ideas that there are. You have to pick carefully.” Jobs had another great quote saying “no”, “I’m actually as proud of the things we haven’t done as the things I have done. Innovation is saying ‘no’ to 1,000 things.”

H)

Over time, as you continue to improve and succeed, your strategy needs to change. The opportunity cost of your time increases as you become more successful. At first, you just eliminate the obvious distractions and explore the rest. As your skills improve and you learn to separate what works from what doesnt, you have to continually increase your threshold for saying “yes.” You still need to say “no” to distractions, but you also need to learn to say “no” to opportunities that were previously good uses of time, so you can make space for great uses of time. Its a good problem to have, but it can be a tough skill to master.

I)

What is true about health is also true about productivity: an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. More effort is wasted doing things that dont matter than is wasted doing things inefficiently. And if that is the case, elimination is a more useful skill than optimization. I am reminded of the famous Peter Drucker quote, “There is nothing so useless as doing efficiently that which should not be done at all.”

答案在此

C 36. People often grant a request just because they want to appear polite and helpful.

H 37. Its no easy job learning to say "no" to opportunities that were once considered worth grasping.

E 38. When you decline a request, you are saving your future time.

B 39. People sometimes struggle to do things that are simply a waste of time.

I 40. Doing efficiently what is not worth doing is the most useless effort.

C 41. It is especially difficult for people to decline to do what their superiors ask them to do.

A 42. People agree to do too many things they are in fact unwilling to do.

G 43. According to one famous entrepreneur, innovation means refusal to do an enormous number of things.

D 44. It is an essential aspect of life to cooperate with other people.

F 45. Refusing a request is sometimes seen as a privilege not enjoyed by ordinary people.

2022年6月

President Arling has put his long awaited economic restructuring program before the Congress. It provides a coordinated program of investment credits, research grants, education reforms, and tax changes designed to make American industry more competitive. This is necessary to reverse the economic slide into unemployment, lack of growth, and trade deficits that have plagued the economy for the past six years.

The most liberal wing of the Presidents party has called for stronger and more direct action. They want an incomes policy to check inflation while federal financing helps rebuild industry behind a wall of protective tariffs.

The Republicans, however, decry even the modest, graduated tax increases in the President’s program. They want tax cuts and more open market. They say if federal money has to be injected into the economy, let it through defence spending.

Both these alternatives ignore the unique nature of the economic problem before us. It is not simply a matter of markets or financing. The new technology allows vastly increased production for those able to master it. But it also threatens those who fail to adopt it with permanent second-class citizenship in the world economy. If an industry cannot lever itself up to the leading stage of technological advances, then it will not be able to compete effectively. If it cannot do this, no amount of government protectionism or access to foreign markets can keep it profitable for long. Without the profits and experience of technological excellence to reinvest, that industry can only fall still further behind its foreign competitors.

So the crux is the technology and that is where the President’s program focused. The danger is not that a plan will not be passed, it is that the ideologues of right and left will distort the bill with amendments that will blur its focus on technology. The economic restructuring plan should be passed intact. If we fail to restructure our economy now, we may not get a second chance.

1. The focus of the Presidents program is on

[A] investment.

[B] economy.

[C] technology.

[D] tax.

2. What is the requirement of the most liberal wing of the Democratic-party?

[A] They want a more direct action.

[B] They want an incomes policy to check inflation.

[C] They want to rebuild industry.

[D] They want a wall of protective tariffs.

3. What is the editors attitude?

[A] support.

[B] distaste.

[C] Disapproval.

[D] Compromise.

4. The danger to the plan lies in

[A] the two parties objection.

[B] different idea of the two parties about the plan.

[C] its passage.

[D] distortion.

5. The passage is

[A] a review.

[B] a preface.

[C] a advertisement.

[D] an editorial.

答案详解

1. C 工艺技术。最后一段第一句“问题的症结就在于工艺技术，这就是总统计划的要点所在。”第四段：“对掌握新技术的人来说，新技术使他们大大增产，而新技术对不能掌握它的`人来说，在世界经济中他们面临沦为永久性的二等公民的危险。如果不能做到这一点，那么任何政府保护主义，进入国际市场都不能有效地竞争。如果不能有技术优势的利润和经验再投资，工业只能进一步落后于国外竞争对手。”这些都说明总统计划的重点再工艺技术。A.投资。D.税收。只是总统计划的涉及面。B.经济。太笼统了。

2. A 更直接行动。第二段“总统的党内几段自由翼要求更强硬、更直接行动。他们要求用收入(税收)政策来制止通货膨胀;联邦财政在关税保护下，帮助重建工业。”B.他们需要制止通货膨胀。C.重建工业。D.保护关税墙。都只是他们要求中的不分内容，不完整。

3. A支持。第四、五段集中了评论者的观点，支持的理由和论点。B.厌恶。C.不赞成。D.调和妥协。

4. D歪曲。最后一段第二句：“其危险不在于计划将不被通过，而在于左和右的思想理论家们用修正案来歪曲提案，使计划要点蒙尘模糊不清，经济重建计划应原封不动地通过。”这是作者的态度，也是他所担心之处。A.两党的反对。B.两党对计划的不同看法。C.它的通过。

5. D 社论。A.评论。社论也是评论的一种，但它是报纸主编所撰，常常是有关国内外大事评论。B.前言。C.广告。

阅读题

What is the nature of the scientifi c attitude, the attitude of the man or woman who studies and applies physics, chemistry, geology, engineering, medical or any other science? We all know that science plays an important role in the societies in which we live. Many people believe, however, that our progress depends on two different aspects of science. The fi rst of these is the application of the machines and products that scientists and technologists develop. New drugs, faster and safer means of transport, new systems of applied knowledge are some examples of this aspect of science.

The second aspect is the application of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work. What are these special methods of thinking and acting? First of all, it seems that a successful scientist is full of curiosity — he wants to fi nd out how and why the universe works. He usually directs his attention towards problems which he notices have no satisfactory explanation, and his curiosity makes him look for underlying relationships even if the data available seem to be unconnected. Moreover, he thinks he can improve the existing conditions, whether of pure or applied knowledge, and enjoys trying to solve the problems which this involves.

He is a good observer, accurate, patient and objective and applies persistent and logical thought to the observations he makes. He utilizes the facts he observes to the full extent. For example, trained observers obtain a very large amount of information about a star mainly from the accurate analysis of the simple lines that appear in a spectrum.

He is skeptical — he does not accept statements which are not based on the most complete evidence available — and therefore rejects authority as the sole basis for truth.

Furthermore, he is not only critical of the work of others, but also of his own. Since he knows that man is the least reliable of scientifi c instruments and that a number of factors tend to disturb objective investigation.

Lastly, he is highly imaginative since he often has to look for relationships in data, which are not only complex but also frequently incomplete. Furthermore, he needs imagination if he wants to make hypotheses of how processes work and how events take place.

These seem to be some of the ways in which a successful scientist or technologist thinks and acts.

81. Many people believe that science helps society to progress through .

A. applied knowledge B. more than one aspect

C. technology only D. the use of machines

82. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about curiosity?

A. It gives the scientist confi dence and pleasure in work.

B. It gives rise to interest in problem that are unexplained.

C. It leads to efforts to investigate potential connections.

D. It encourages the scientists to look for new ways of acting.

83. According to the passage, a successful scientist would not .

A. easily believe in unchecked statements

B. easily criticize others research work

C. always use his imagination in work

D. always use evidence from observation

84. What does the passage mainly discuss?

A. Application of technology.

B. Progress in modern society.

C. Scientists way of thinking and acting.

D. How to become a successful scientist.

85. What is the authors attitude towards the topic?

A. Critical. B. Objective. C. Biased. D. Unclear.

参考答案

81. B。细节类。第一段第四行：“Many people believe, however, that our progress depends on two different aspects of science.”，社会的进步依靠于科学的.两个不同方面。所以选B。

82. A。细节类。第三段作者阐述了什么是科学家必须具备的好奇心，可用排除法。

83. A。细节类。第五段“He is skeptical — he does not accept statements which are not based on the most complete evidence available.”，科学家常常对于没有建立在充分证据上的论断持怀疑态度。

84. C。主旨类。文章第三段“What are these special methods of thinking and acting?”是全文的主题句。文章解释了科学家的思考和行为方式。

85. B。态度类。文章客观描述了科学家的思考和行为方式，没有加入个人的主观评价。

阅读题

Graduation speeches are a bit like wedding toasts. A few are memorable. The rest tend to trigger such thoughts as, “Why did I wear such uncomfortable shoes?”

But graduation speeches are less about the message than the messenger. Every year a few colleges and universities in the US attract attention because theyve managed to book high-profile speakers. And, every year, the media report some of these speakers wise remarks.

Last month, the following words of wisdom were spread:

“You really havent completed the circle of success unless you can help somebody else move forward.” (Oprah Winfrey, Duke University).

“There is no way to stop change; change will come. Go out and give us a future worthy of the world we all wish to create together.” (Hillary Clinton, New York University).

“This really is your moment. History is yours to bend.” (Joe Biden, Wake Forest University). Of course, the real “get” of the graduation season was first lady Michelle Obamas appearance at the University of California, Merced. “Remember that you are blessed,” she told the class of 2009, “Remember that in exchange for those blessings, you must give something

back... As advocate and activist Marian Wright Edelman says, Service is the rent we pay for living ... it is the true measure, the only measure of success.”

Calls to service have a long, rich tradition in these speeches. However, it is possible for a graduation speech to go beyond cliche and say something truly compelling. The late writer David Foster Wallaces 2005 graduation speech at Kenyon College in Ohio talked about how to truly care about other people. It gained something of a cult after it was widely circulated on the Internet. Apple Computer CEO Steve Jobs address at Stanford University that year, in which he talked about death, is also considered one of the best in recent memory.

But when youre sitting in the hot sun, fi d(***死机怎么办：打开“设置”，点击“系统”。点击“系统更新”，查看***是否为最新版本。或者返回设置界面，点击“存储”。点击“空间清理”，清除***的缓存垃圾。)gety and freaked out, do you really want to be lectured about the big stuff ? Isnt that like trying to maintain a smile at your wedding reception while some relative gives a toast that amounts to “marriage is hard work”? You know hes right; you just dont want to think about it at that particular moment. In fact, as is the case in many major life moments, you cant really manage to think beyond the blisters your new shoes are causing.

That may seem anticlimactic. But it also gets to the heart of one of lifes greatest, saddest truths: that our most “memorable” occasions may elicit the fewest memories. Its probably not something most graduation speakers would say, but its one of the fi rst lessons of growing up.

91. According to the passage, most graduation speeches tend to recall ______ memories.

A. great B. trivial C. unforgettable D. unimaginative

92. “But graduation speeches are less about the message than the messenger” is explained ______.

A. in the fi nal paragraph. B. in the last but one paragraph.

C. in the fi rst paragraph. D. in the same paragraph.

93. The graduation speeches mentioned in the passage are related to the following themes EXCEPT ______.

A. death. B. success. C. service. D. generosity.

94. It is implied in the passage that at great moments people fail to ______.

A. remain clear-headed. B. keep good manners.

C. remember others words. D. recollect specifi c details.

95. What is “one of the first lessons of growing up”?

A. Attending a graduation ceremony.

B. Listening to graduation speeches.

C. Forgetting details of memorable events.

D. Meeting high-profile graduation speakers.

参考答案

91. B。推理类。第一段“Graduation speeches are a bit like wedding toasts. A few are memorable. The rest tend to trigger such thoughts as, ‘Why did I wear such uncomfortable shoes?”，毕业演讲有点像婚礼上的致辞，有些片段是难忘的，但是其余的时刻总让我们回想起当时的细节，比如我为什么要穿这双不舒服的鞋呢。

92. D。推理类。“Every year a few colleges and universities in the US attract attention because theyve managed to book high-profile speakers. And, every year, the media report some of these speakers wise remarks.”，在毕业演讲上，演讲者比演讲内容还要重要。每年都有些大学请来高调的.演讲者。

93. D。细节类。文章中举了几个有名的毕业演讲，关于死亡、成功、为社会服务。可用排除法。

94. C。推理类。倒数第二段“You know hes right; you just dont want to think about it at that particular moment.”，在重要的时刻，当大人物演讲时，你知道他说的是正确的，但往往记不住他到底说了些什么。

95. C。细节类。最后一段“our most‘memorableoccasions may elicit the fewest memories.”，成长中的第一课包括，我们往往会遗忘重要时刻的细节。

Trees should only be pruned when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and , fortunately,the number of such reasons is small. Pruning involves the cutting away of obergrown and unwanted branches, and the inexperienced gardener can be encouraged by the thought that more damage results from doing it unnecessarily than from leaving the tree to grow in its own way.

First, pruning may be done to make sure that trees have a desired shape or size. The object may be to get a tree of the right height, and at the same time to help the growth of small side branches which will thicken its appearance or give it a special shape. Secondly, pruning may be done to make the tree healthier. You may cut diseaed or dead wood, or branches that are rubbing against each other and thus cause wounds. The health of a tree may be encouraged by removing branches that are blocking up the centre and so preventing the free movement of air.

One result of pruning is that an open wound is left on the tree and this provides an easy entry for disease, but itis a wound that will heal. Often there is a race between the healing and the desease as to whether the tree will live or die, so that there is a period when the tree is at risk. It should be the aim of every gardener to reduce which has been pruned smooth and clean, for healing will be slowed down by roughness. You should allow the cut surface to dry for a few hurs and then paint it with one of the substances available from garden shops produced especially for this purpose. Pruning is usually without interference from the leaves and also it is very unlikely that the cuts yu make will bleed. If this does happen,it is, of course,impossible to paint them properly.

1．Why should pruning be done?

A．To make the tree grow taller. B．To improve the shape of the tree.

C．to get rid of the small ranches . D．To make the small branches thicker.

2．Trees become unhealthy if the gardener__________.

A. giving a tree a special shape and adefinite height

B. removing small side branches and making atree look less thick

C. allowing too many branches to grow in themiddle

D. having a tree surrounded by many othertrees

3．Why is a special material painted on the tree?

A．To help a wound to dry. B．to cover a rough surface.

C．To make a wound smooth. D．To prevent disease entering a wound.

4.A good gardener prunes a tree _________ .

A．several times throughout the year B．as quickly as possible

C．occasionally when necessary D．regularly every winter

5．What was the authors purpose when writingthis passage?

A．To discuss different methods of pruning.

B．To introduce some common knowledge of pruning.

C．To explain how trees developdisease.

D．To give practical instruction for pruning atree.

Method of Scientific Inquiry

Why the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for two thousand years—and why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of natural and mathematical science has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our own times—are questions which have interested the modern philosopher not less than the objects with which these sciences are more immediately conversant. Was it the employment of a new method of research, or in the exercise of greater virtue in the use of the old methods, that this singular modern phenomenon had its origin? Was the long period one of arrested development, and is the modern era one of normal growth? Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-called historical accidents—to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence?

The explanation which has become commonplace, that the ancients employed deduction chiefly in their scientific inquiries, while the moderns employ induction, proves to be too narrow, and fails upon close examination to point with sufficient distinctness the contrast that is evident between ancient and modern scientific doctrines and inquiries. For all knowledge is founded on observation, and proceeds from this by analysis, by synthesis and analysis, by induction and deduction, and if possible by verification, or by new appeals to observation under the guidance of deduction—by steps which are indeed correlative parts of one method; and the ancient sciences afford examples of every one of these methods, or parts of one method, which have been generalized from the examples of science.

A failure to employ or to employ adequately any one of these partial methods, an imperfection in the arts and resources of observation and experiment, carelessness in observation, neglect of relevant facts, by appeal to experiment and observation—these are the faults which cause all failures to ascertain truth, whether among the ancients or the moderns; but this statement does not explain why the modern is possessed of a greater virtue, and by what means he attained his superiority. Much less does it explain the sudden growth of science in recent times.

The attempt to discover the explanation of this phenomenon in the antithesis of “facts” and “theories” or “facts” and “ideas”—in the neglect among the ancients of the former, and their too exclusive attention to the latter—proves also to be too narrow, as well as open to the charge of vagueness. For in the first place, the antithesis is not complete. Facts and theories are not coordinate species. Theories, if true, are facts—a particular class of facts indeed, generally complex, and if a logical connection subsists between their constituents, have all the positive attributes of theories.

Nevertheless, this distinction, however inadequate it may be to explain the source of true method in science, is well founded, and connotes an important character in true method. A fact is a proposition of simple. A theory, on the other hand, if true has all the characteristics of a fact, except that its verification is possible only by indirect, remote, and difficult means. To convert theories into facts is to add simple verification, and the theory thus acquires the full characteristics of a fact.

1. The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is

[A]. Philosophy of mathematics. [B]. The Recent Growth in Science.

[C]. The Verification of Facts. [C]. Methods of Scientific Inquiry.

2. According to the author, one possible reason for the growth of science during the days of the ancient Greeks and in modern times is

[A]. the similarity between the two periods.

[B]. that it was an act of God.

[C]. that both tried to develop the inductive method.

[D]. due to the decline of the deductive method.

3. The difference between “fact” and “theory”

[A]. is that the latter needs confirmation.

[B]. rests on the simplicity of the former.

[C]. is the difference between the modern scientists and the ancient Greeks.

[D]. helps us to understand the deductive method.

4. According to the author, mathematics is

[A]. an inductive science. [B]. in need of simple verification.

[C]. a deductive science. [D]. based on fact and theory.

5. The statement “Theories are facts” may be called.

[A]. a metaphor. [B]. a paradox.

[C]. an appraisal of the inductive and deductive methods.

[D]. a pun.

答案详解

1. D. 科学研究/探索的方法。文章一开始就提出问题，为什么从希腊文化顶峰时期后两千年来归纳法和数学科学发展如此缓慢，而后的两百年又超越了前人，是应用新，旧方法关系还是其它（见难句译注1，2）。第二段讲埃及古代在科学探索中运用了演绎推理法，而现在应用了归纳法。这种解释太狭隘，经仔细审核，难以很清晰地点明古代和现代科学教义和探究上明显的差别。因为一切知识都基于观察，通过分析，综合，或综合分析，归纳演绎推理，有可能的话，经过校正或经由演绎指导下再观察而向前推进。第三段进一步阐明不用这些方法观察，实验;忽略相关事实，推理不慎;不能答出理论的结论，再用实验或观察来检验等或用得不全，不论在古代还是现代都会失败。但这不能说明为什么现代科学具有较高的功效，通过什么方式方法，超越了前人，更不用说说明最近科学突飞猛进的.原因。第四，五段涉及事实和理论的关系。

A. 数学的哲学，文内没有提。 B. 近来科学的发展。 C. 事实的验证，只是最后两段提及验证方法之作用。

2. B. 是上天的安排，这是作家在用方法论等失败后得出的结论。见难句译注4，第一段最后一句话。

A. 两个阶段的相似性。 . 两者都试图应用归纳法。 D. 由于演绎法的衰落。

3. A. 后者需要证实。答案在第四，五段，死段试图在事实的对立面和理论，或事实和思想中发现上述现象的解释看起来有饿太狭隘，也会因模糊不清遭批评。因为，对立面不全面，事实和理论不是同类的事物。理论，如果是真正的理论，就是事实——一种特殊类别的事实，一般复杂，但仍是事实。而事实，从词的狭义来说，如果很复杂，如果各成分中存在着逻辑的联系，就具有理论的一切主要特征。第五段第二句，事实是一个提议，通过运用知识的源泉和经验而证实的提议直接而又简单。而理论，若是真理论，就有事实的一切特性（除非其证实只能通过非直接的，遥远的和困难的方式方法），把理论转成事实必须用简单的核实，理论因此具有事实的一切特性。

B. 前者简单。 C. 是现代科学家和古希腊的差异。 D. 帮助我们了解演绎法，三项都不对。

4. C. 是推理演绎科学，这个问题常识就能回答。

A. 归纳法科学。 B. 需要简单证实。 D. 基于事实和理论。

5. B. 是一个悖论，见第四，五段注释。

A. 比喻。 C. 对归纳法和演绎法的赞扬。 D. 双关语。

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